How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids

How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids Part 1 Preparing for Invasion: A contextual analysis of how Sunderland arranged for the air strikes. Helen Jones features that In the 1930s specialists and people in general accepted that in a future war, adversary airplane would drop bombs that would crush non military personnel populations.[1] Thus recommending that the dread of aeronautical assault was on the brain of specialists as well as the general population also, therefore showing they dreaded they could be slaughtered from the pulverization the bombs could cause. In 1939, Adolf Hitlers Luftwaffe took to the skies to threaten the UK with the danger of dropping bombs. Hitler needed to assault the United Kingdom in the corner of the night to guarantee that the Luftwaffe assaults were not noticeable, along these lines making an unexpected assault on the regular citizens. The North-East of England was an ideal objective for Hitler as Sunderland specifically delivered 25% of Britains dispatching tonnage during the war in this way featuring the importance the North-East played in help the national war effort.[2] Also, Sunderland had for quite some time been hailed as the biggest shipbuilding town on the planet along these lines featuring the huge job Wearside played during the flare-up of Second World War. [3] England specifically on a national scale needed to guarantee that there was a guarded system set up to shield its country from European assaults to forestall such an episode happening like, that of The Great War and the Zeppelin assaults, Calder demonstrates that Britain during the First World War had been attacked by airships, significant harm had been caused the nation over and numerous individuals didn't have insurance because of safe houses not being set up for the invasion.[4] As Travis L. Crosby demonstrates [i]n 1924, the Committee of Imperial Defense (CID) made a sub-board of trustees to survey common safeguard strategy suggesting the way that the Government needed a re-appraisal and advancement of the present arrangement so as to fortify the common barrier if there should arise an occurrence of the flare-up of another war.[5] Britains way to deal with giving air attack security was serene, not until the late 1930s the Air Raid Protection (ARP) council as Joseph S. Meisel sta tes grasped a wide scope of measures to ensure both the non military personnel populace and the infrastructure.[6] A National Service booklet which was appropriated to nearby governments across the country showed that there is a requirement for the two people to join their neighborhood Air Raid Precaution service.[7] To tempt individuals to join the war exertion the individuals of Sunderland and in different zones were offered free preparing and on the off chance that faculty needed to move because of war requests, at that point individuals had the option to move starting with one neighborhood authority then onto the next. Wearside required insurance from the German air danger so contrived designs to prepare and guarantee they had enough Air Raid Wardens (ARW) for the occupants of Sunderland and encompassing zones. The ARP needed to have 5 to 6 superintendents for each 400-500 occupants who have an intensive information on their region. The Sunderland Borough Council ARP Committee feature that one significant duty of an ARW is to stay in contact and rent with occupants inside their part. [8] In 1 937, British specialists assessed that there would have been another war foe, showing that Hitler was going to attempt to reproduce the slaughter caused during the First World War by assaulting Britain again via air. [9] So as to guarantee that each occupant of Sunderland got an opportunity to contribute towards the war exertion and security of their region various occupations were made accessible for them, for example, Rescue and Demolition Parties, First Aid Parties, Ambulance Drivers and Attendants just to give some examples. [10] Allowing the individuals of Sunderland to be associated with the war exertion guaranteed to some degree that open assurance was on a high, along these lines featuring that the inhabitants of Sunderland had a feeling of direction. Because of the consistently developing danger of bombings being inherent the ARP needed to rapidly activate guaranteeing that there was sufficient safe houses and assurance set up for the regular people of Britain. By September 28th 1939, there was 3,329 men and 740 ladies were engaged with the Sunderland ARP featuring that the individuals of Wearside needed to chip in and help with the assurance of their locale when they go under the assault of the German air raids.[11] In any case, beginning enrollment to neighborhood ARPs was troublesome, numerous individuals imagined that it was a misuse of cash and preparing was not beneficial which caused upset among the locals.[12] In 1932, just 500 individuals had elected to be individuals from the ARP. It was not until 1937 where there was a sensational increment in local people joining the Wearside ARP, one may recommend that it was the consistently developing media inclusion of the political ascent of Hitler and his arrangements to attack Poland which made a sparkle in enrollment the ARP. Taking into account that the Sunderland ARP had 740 ladies by 1939, features that ladies were a key resource in the ARP program in Sunderland, in this way demonstrating despite the fact that ladies during the 1930s confronted analysis and bias the ladies of Sunderland had the option to get included and assume a key job in the Wearside war exertion. [13] It is accounted for that men felt that ladies ought not be associated with the A.R.P as they believed they needed capacity to handle fires.[14] Thus proposing that the ladies of Sunderland demonstrated to their male partners that they could be effectively engaged with the nearby A.R.P program. The County Borough of Sunderland Council obviously demonstrated that they needed to guarantee that ARP arrangements were set up so as to pick up trust from the Wearside people group. On the twentieth of October 1938, the committee guaranteed that school rooms over the district would be utilized to direct ARP gatherings and to counsel to local people who had any issues or questions.[15] A key issue which was talked about was the areas of the collective air attack covers. With numerous individuals in Sunderland being arranged in the common laborers circle, not all had the accessible assets to buy and structure reasonable safe houses. Craig Armstrong shows that nearby Police and fire administration were to find premises that could be changed over into utilization shields, the chamber expected to discover zones which had a huge surface territory so they could ensure a lot of its inhabitants, this circumstance was the equivalent for the crisis benefits in Sunderland.[16] Roker Park, was o ne area used to shield regular citizens from the air assaults, having the option to house around 1,000 individuals, along these lines the gathering panel made the structure of this asylum need as it was one of the biggest to build. [17] The individuals of Sunderland were increasing a trust in their nearby board. They were seeing signs that arrangements were being taken from such a beginning period during the Second World War. With a considerable lot of the occupants of Sunderland having some place to go in case of an air strike, shows that the neighborhood specialists needed to guarantee that the individuals of Sunderland were sheltered. One may recommend that the occupants of Sunderland had a freshly discovered certainty inside their neighborhood authority as they were securing and demonstrating care towards their locale. Again as Armstrong recommends the neighborhood authority was compelled by a sense of honor to offer free asylum to the individuals who couldn't give it to themselves, because of the presentation of the Civil Defense Act of 1939, every single nearby network needed to guarantee that there was sufficient free safe houses for those unfit to manage the cost of protection.[18] The administration needed to guarantee that Britain was secured and offered backing to every neighborhood authority who required it, accordingly having the option to pay nine-tenths of the costs which would lighten the weight for neighborhood committees to find subsidizing and give satisfactory protection.[19] For those inside Sunderland who had an extra cash there was a choice to manufacture your own reinforced hideout that would just cost  £5, which is certainly not a terrible speculation for their security. Normal wages during 1930s were around 75.s (shillings seven days) which is identical to around 300.s every month, which compares to  £36 a month.[20] One may propose that the more unfortunate populace inside the network may have battled to spare 14% of the month to month family unit pay to buy air assault insurance. The neighborhood authority assembled open safe houses so individuals had security in the event that they couldn't bear the cost of it. Neighborhood specialists guaranteed that there was a lot of data given to their networks. The Sunderland ARP gave a bit by bit manage on the best way to assemble the best air assault cover, which was endorsed by the Home Office.[21] This guide featured the best materials and areas to fabricate an asylum. Occupants of Sunderland had a g reat deal to consider with the arrangements they have to accomplish for the war, with guaranteeing they had sufficient security from the bombs, guaranteeing that homes were passed out to constrain focusing from the German Luftwaffe, proportioning and food deficiencies, accordingly bringing about individuals confronting a ton of weight from nearby specialists to guarantee that the network all in all can adapt during, what might be known as the Second World War. Helen Jones proposes, the vast majority didn't go to open sanctuaries, or even ones in their own homes some sought shelter in a cabinet or under their steps along these lines featuring that regular folks discovered safe house any place they could when they heard the sound of the air attack sirens.[22] Women, specifically were asked by the media to guarantee that spots, for example, pantries and under the steps had supplies and arrangements in the event that they couldn't make it to their outside or open haven. The County Borough of Sunderland Council led gatherings all through 1939 guaranteeing that last arrangements were set up to guarantee that Wearside was adequately ensured in case of an air strike. From a gathering led in February 1939, the Sunderland Council talked about the arrangement of steel covers which was top of the gathering plan, in this manner featuring that the neighborhood government needed to guarantee that the vast majority in Wearside approached covers which were reinforc

American Revolution vs. French Revolution free essay sample

American Revolution versus French Revolution From examining and finding out about the two unrests, I surmise you could state they had their likenesses; the two of them meant well did they not? Both the Americans and the French individuals longed for another lifestyle, change is the thing that they needed. Change is for sure what they got. The American Revolution, to me, appeared to be more sorted out and all around dealt with than the French Revolution. The Americans were burnt out on being under the British’s control, particularly when the British had a go at constraining the American provinces to pay for the British army’s costs in shielding the pioneers during the Seven Year War.The endeavor to raise new assessments by the Stamp Act in 1765 prompted riots and the law’s quick intrigue. The settler couldn't help contradicting the British convictions, that a solitary domain with Parliament as the incomparable power. The homesteaders were progressively OK with neither the lord or Parliament meddling with their inside issues and that no expense could be demanded without the assent of the individuals or their picked delegates. We will compose a custom exposition test on American Revolution versus French Revolution or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The American settlers felt in 1776 that the time had come to isolate themselves from the Britain’s control.On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress discharged an affirmation composed by Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration of Independence, a page of material, had begun the war for American Independence. The Second Continental Congress at that point approved the arrangement of the Continental Army under George Washington’s order. Washington was the most ideal decision for the activity since he had political experience and military involvement with the French and Indian War. The French were anxious to pick up vengeance for prior annihilations from the British, so they provided weapons and cash to the American settlements toward the start of the war.Some French officials even battled along the Americans side against the British. I think at that point, this was the best option for the 13 American settlements. They accomplished their freedom as the United States of America; set up the United States Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It appeared to have worked out for them at that point. The fundamental driver of the French Revolution was the contrasts between the three social classes that existed in France around then. There was an extreme measure of shamefulness in the expense system.The third bequest covered the most elevated charges, while the primary domain was absolved from paying the French boss duties (taille). The subsequent bequest was pardoned from paying all duties. The lease for the Third Estate was raised. Shopper costs rose quicker than compensation, empowering people groups monetary capacity to pay. In spite of the fact that the third home made up the greater part of the number of inhabitants in France, it possessed less land than the first and second home. A prompt reason for the French transformation was the close to crumple of the administration finances.French legislative uses kept on becoming because of expensive wars and illustrious luxuries. Nearly complete money related breakdown, the legislature assembled a conference of the Estates-General. The Estates couldn't help contradicting how the Third Estate needed to cast a ballot, in this manner, the Third Estate casted a ballot to establish itself a national gathering and chose to draw up a constitution. The outcomes to this was ending up bolted out of the typical gathering place, so they committed to the Tennis Court Oath that they would keep on meeting until they delivered a French constitution.These activities by the third bequest were supposed to be the initial step into the French Revolution. The ruler agreed with the first and second bequest however the average citizens met up with numerous uprisings in the late spring of 1789, one specifically was the Fall of Bastille, an assault on an imperial arsenal, which had likewise been a state jail. The National Assembly casted a ballot to nullify seigniorial rights just as the financial benefits of nobles, ministry, towns, and provinces.On August 26, 1789, the gathering gave the ideological establishment to its activities and an instructive gadget for the country by receiving the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. The ruler denied the announcements on annulment of feudalism and the Declaration of Rights, yet after some Parisian ladies compromised the imperial family, King Louis XVI altered his perspective. By 1791, the National Assembly finished another constitution that built up a constrained established government. There was as yet a ruler: lord of the French, yet he delighted in hardly any forces not expose to survey by the new Legislature Assembly.The Legislature Assembly would sit for a long time; comprise of 745 agents picked by a backhanded arrangement of political race. The lord endeavored to escape, yet was caught and taken back to Paris. Encompassing nations expected that the French conduct and defiance would spread to their territory, so those pioneers intended to drive the restoration of the government expert in France. This just welcomed on more fire to the French. The political gatherings in Paris rose against the ruler and the Legislature Assembly.They sorted out a horde assault on the regal royal residence, abducted the lord, and constrained the get together to suspend the government and require a national show to settle on the future type of government. The initial step the Convention took was to nullify the ruler and set up republic. They likewise passed a pronouncement sentencing Louis XVI to death. A country in arms was assembled, rapidly. It was a â€Å"people’s† war, the whole country was engaged with the war. I’m not in any case sure where or when the French Revolution closes, its ever-enduring it appears.

Comparative Psychology and Animal Behavior

Comparative Psychology and Animal Behavior Theories Print Comparative Psychology and Animal Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 25, 2019 Grace Chon / Image Source / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Modern research on animal behavior began with the work of Charles Darwin and Georges Romanes, and the field has grown into a multidisciplinary subject. Today, biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists, and many others contribute to the study of animal behavior. Comparative psychology often utilizes a comparative method to study animal behavior. The comparative method involves comparing the similarities and differences among species to gain an understanding of evolutionary relationships. The comparative method can also be used to compare modern species of animals to ancient species. A Brief History Pierre Flourens, a student of Charles Darwin and George Romanes, became the first to use the term in his book Comparative Psychology (Psychologie Comparée), which was published in 1864. In 1882, Romanes published his book Animal Intelligence, in which he proposed a science and system of comparing animal and human behaviors. Other important comparative thinkers included C. Lloyd Morgan and Konrad Lorenz. The development of comparative psychology was also influenced by learning psychologists, including Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, and by behaviorists, including John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Why Study Animal Behavior? Studying what animals do and comparing different species can offer useful information about human behaviors. To gain insight into evolutionary processes. The Society for Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology, which is a division of the American Psychological Association, suggests that looking at the similarities and differences between human and animal behaviors can also be useful for gaining insights into developmental and evolutionary processes. To generalize information to human beings. Another purpose of studying animal behavior in the hope that some of these observations may be generalized to human populations. Historically, animal studies have been used to suggest whether certain medications might be safe and appropriate for humans, whether certain surgical procedures might work in humans, and whether certain learning approaches might be useful in classrooms. Consider the work of learning and behaviorist theorists. Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning studies with dogs demonstrated that animals could be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell. This work was then taken and applied to training situations with humans as well. B.F. Skinner’s research with rats and pigeons yielded valuable insights into the operant conditioning processes that could then be applied to situations with humans. What is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work? To study developmental processes. Comparative psychology has also famously been used to study developmental processes. In Konrad Lorenzs well-known imprinting experiments, he discovered that geese and ducks have a critical period of development in which they must attach to a parental figure, a process known as imprinting. Lorenz even found that he could get the birds to imprint on himself. If the animals missed this vital opportunity, they would not develop attachment later in life. During the 1950s, psychologist Harry Harlow conducted a series of disturbing experiments on maternal deprivation. Infant rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers. In some variations of the experiments, the young monkeys would be reared by wire mothers. One mother would be covered in cloth while the other provided nourishment. Harlow found that the monkeys would primarily seek the comfort of the cloth mother versus the nourishment of the wire mother. In all instances of his experiments, Harlow found that this early maternal deprivation led to serious and irreversible emotional damage. These deprived monkeys became unable to integrate socially, unable to form attachments, and were severely emotionally disturbed. Harlows work has been used to suggest that human children also have a critical window in which to form attachments. When these attachments are not formed during the early years of childhood, psychologists suggest, long-term emotional damage can result. Major Topics of Interest Comparative psychologists sometimes focus on individual behaviors of certain animal species, like primates, to learn more about topics such as personal grooming, play, nesting, hoarding, eating, and movement behaviors. Other topics that comparative psychologists might study include reproductive behaviors, imprinting, social behaviors, learning, consciousness, communication, instincts, and motivations. Comparative Psychologists Often Study: Evolution: How evolutionary processes have contributed to certain patterns of behaviorHeredity: How genetics contributes to behaviorAdaptation and learning: How the environment contributes to behaviorMating: How different species reproduceParenting: How parental behaviors contribute to offspring behavior A Word From Verywell The study of animal behavior can lead to a deeper and broader understanding of human psychology. Research on animal behavior has led to numerous discoveries about human behavior, such as Ivan Pavlovs research on classical conditioning or Harry Harlows work with rhesus monkeys. Students of biological sciences and social sciences can benefit from studying comparative psychology.

Importance of the Theory of Caring by Kristen Swanson to the Nursing Profession Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The theory is useful in improving the performance of healthcare professionals since Swanson explains some of the aspects of relationships that relate to caring (Lukose, 2011). Her theory identifies elements like persons, health or well-being, nursing and environment as crucial in determining the relationships between patients and their caregivers (Amendolair, 2011). In this case, theory can be a positive implication for health care professionals to understand that environmental relationships are crucial in caring. The environment in this context encompasses cultural, political, economic, social, spiritual, and psychological factors. A deeper understanding of these elements improves the manner in which nurses handle their patients where they, for instance, understand cultural diversity and the implications for healthcare service provision. Moreover, Swanson puts a strong emphasis on informed caring and nursing relationships and suggests that nursing practices must be according to the guiding principles of the profession thus very crucial to improving the performance of patient care. The theory is critical in the nursing profession since it has many implications for nursing as a practice, research, and nursing education thus has a potential to create good future for the profession (Lukose, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of the Theory of Caring by Kristen Swanson to the Nursing Profession or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The War Against Custom Written Research Paper

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Terrorism in Pakistan Free Essays

string(125) " sector is showing signs of reasonable along with a subsequent slowing down of the economy and has registered a growth of 4\." Terrorism in Pakistan Mohammad Safdar Social 10-1AP Mr. Brash December 16, 2010 Terrorism is a curse. The War on terror has increased the terrorism all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now One example of this is the situation in Pakistan. Terrorism had a dire affect on Pakistan economy and society. Terrorism has increased the rates of unemployment and poverty. Terrorism is pushing Pakistani severity toward collapse. It has affected the flow of Foreign Direct Investment FDI. It has damaged the Pakistan’s export. Background to the War on TerrorThe War on terror was the U. S reaction to 9/11. On the morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both of the buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D. C.The fourth and final plane crashed into a field near Shanks Ville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew tried to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D. C. No one was saved from any of the flights. The U. S responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror, attacking Afghanistan. They believed that Al Qaeda and its founder Osama Bin Laden, who attacked the twin towers were hiding in Afghanistan. After that, the war spread rapidly and it reached Pakistan’s north side.Impact on Economy One of the most significant factors that has been negatively affected by terrorism is Pakistan‘s Growth Domestic Rate (GDP). Consumers who were used to going out on a daily basis and buying a large amount of goods have been afraid of to do so in recent years. This has caused a large decrease in consumer spending and that has had a very negative impact on Pakistan’s economy. As the GDP growth rate has gone down from 8. 40% in 2004-05 to 5. 80% in 2007-08 and more recently it has reduced to 2. 10% in 2008-09(The Business Exchange).According to experience curves and studies that have been conducted, it has been concluded that it will take the Pakistan economy about 33 years to double its size. (Oluwatimilehin, 2009) Pakistan’s economy has been negatively effected by the terrorism. The ratio of unemployment and poverty has increased after the terrorism. Population of Pakistan was 168. 23 million by 2009, and out of this 25-30% of population lives below the poverty line but before terrorism it was between 18-24%. Unemployment rate in Pakistan has risen from 7% to 15. 2% after the war on terror.Pakistan is an agricultural country but people are still starving to death (CIA fact book). One of the reasons for that is smuggling of foods to Afghanistan. Even on the Eid-ul-Azah Muslim’s (festival of sacrifice) there was a shortage of animal for sacrifice because of the smuggling of animals to Afghanistan. Foreign investment (FDI) is the backbone of most of the country’s economy. Foreign investment helps economy to grow at faster rate. Terrorism has greatly affected the foreign investment in Pakistan. Foreign investment is decline to $ 910. 20 Million from $1. Billion in 08-09. Due to decline in investment poverty and unemployment rises. Poverty has reached to 34. 4% from 30. 5% in 2008-09. Analysts refer to the plummeting foreign direct investment (FDI) as a sign of weakening investor confidence as a result of increase in terrorism. According to the State Bank of Pakistan, FDI has shrunk to $463 million during the first quarter of the current financial year from $1. 117 billion the previous year and that reflect the low risk appetite for long term investment in Pakistan. Security concern largely impact the flow of FDI into a country.If a country is unsafe for investment than investor will move to other safer place. The low investor’s confidence could be dangerous for the Pakistan’s economy. Foreign investors are not the only one who doesn’t want to invest in Pakistan. Local businessmen of Pakistan are also afraid of investing more money under the existing security and economic conditions. (Jamal, Nasir) War on terror has damage the Pakistan’s budget. An Institute of Public Police (IPP) report called ‘State of the Economy: Emerging from the Crisis’ estimated in May that terrorism has cost Pakistan’s economy a strenuous amount of Rs380 billion in 2008 alone.The cost of power shortages, the second heaviest drag on; the economy, was Rs210 billion. Pakistan’s government is decreasing budget from other main things like health, infrastructure, and education and they are spending most of their budget on security. Despite the government’s claims that education is its top priority, public spending on it after the war on terror declined to 1. 8 percent of the GDP from 2. 6 percent in 1990. Pakistan is becoming failure state because of spending less money on education. (Jamal, Nasir) Pakistan’s manufacturing sector recorded the feeble growth in a decade during the outgoing financial year 2007-08.Manufacturing posted a growth of 5. 4% during the first nine months of financial year against the target of 10. 9% and 8. 1% of last year. Extensive manufacturing, accounting for 69. 5 % of total manufacturing registered a growth of 4. 8 % in the current financial year 2007-08 against the target of 12. 5% and last year’s achievement of 8. 6 %. High political tension, worse law and order situation, growing power shortages, cumulative impact of monetary tightening and rising cost of doing business are responsible for poor growth of manufacturing in 2007-08.Longer term view shows us that the manufacturing growth exhibit’s a moderating trend. . From 2000-01, the large-scale manufacturing sector as a result of a becoming fast larger economy, moved from highest point to another and reached its very high point at 19. 9 per cent in 2004-05. During the last three years the large-scale manufacturing sector is showing signs of reasonable along with a subsequent slowing down of the economy and has registered a growth of 4. You read "Terrorism in Pakistan" in category "Papers" 8 per cent during the current financial year.The government can play an important role in providing manufactures firms to compete in the world economy by providing technological up-gradation in production and by improving law and order situation. (Zaiby, P. 2009) Pakistan’s trading has been hardly affected by the terrorism and the War on Terror. Pakistan carry most of it trade with the United States and the European Union and in addition, 50% of its exports are to US and European Union. Nevertheless, due to terrorism threats on Pakistan, government from other countries discourages their citizens to go to Pakistan.Some big companies had interest in purchasing textile and that is the Pakistan’s largest export product, but they have taken their business to the neighbor countries such as India, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Hong Kong because of terrorism. The foreign buyers have taken complete advantage of the situation to produce goods at lower values. Pakistan’s knitwear is better than it competitors but get the lowest rates due to the disapproval of direct contact with outside businessmen. According to sources exports have gone down from $19. 22 billion to $6. billion dollars within the reduction of imports. The trade balance/shortfall is -4. 5(billion $) and one of the reasons for this is terrorism and terrible government policies. (Oyeleke Oluwatimilehin) Tourism is one of major money making industry for Pakistan, but sustaining terror activities in Pakistan have negatively impacted the tourism business, especially after the terrorism increased in Pakistan. One of the major terror activities that discouraged the tourism was Marriot Hotel attack occurred on 20 September 2008 which left 60 people dead.The Swat valley, once famously known as the Switzerland of Pakistan is under the Drone attacks by US military because they want to kill Taliban militants, and to prevent Taliban from taking control of the valley. In the latest Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (TTCR) launched on 2009 by World Economic Forum, Pakistan stands at 113, two places down from last year. The reasons for the terrible performance by Pakistan are government sedentary in improving infrastructure facilities and high security concerns of the tourists. Pakistan earned $200mn from 800,000 in 2007 and last year they were able to attract only 400,000 people and earned half of the previous income. . (Jose Roy, 3/12/2009) Impact on Society The War on Terror has affected Pakistan’s society mentally. It has created confusion among the people that who is the Taliban’s supporter and what they are doing is right or wrong. It has created fear among the people. People are scared of stepping out of their house. They are even scared of sending their kids to the school. On October 21, 2009 Taliban suicide bombers attacked Pakistan’s International Islamic University in Islamabad which killed 4 people and at least 18 people were wounded in the suicide attack. After the attack, Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik told reporters that country was in a state of war. He ordered all the schools and universities to be closed until any other notice. Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik called for national unity and he said we should be standing against these terrorists, and Insha’Allah we will defeat them. (Terror central)Taliban brainwashes kids with vision of virgins. Lt. Col. Yusuf tells us that when they got to that part of the story it was shocking for them. Standing in the middle of what the Pakistani military says was a brainwashing center — for children. According to Pakistani military that children between the ages of 12-18 are turned from innocent youngsters to cold blooded killers, want to blow themselves in pieces as suicide bombers. The discovery of the compound was first reported in Pakistani media on December 2009. Yusuf said his military took it over after three days battle with militants.They use to paint the wall with brightly colour paintings in clear contrast to the barren and harsh landscape surrounding it. Taliban told children that this was what waits for them in heaven. Each of the painting have river flowing through it. Some of the paintings have people playing in the water and others have women lining the banks. Children were told that these are the rivers of milk and honey, and that the women will be waiting for them in the Jannat (heaven) and they will be live in the company of Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) (January 05, 2010|By Arwa Damon, CNN). Killing is only obligatory when facing warfare and armed combat not when facing kufr. For this reason, neither women are to be killed nor children, or the elderly, nor the blind nor those worshippers who do not fight, rather do we fight against those who fight us. This was the way of the Messenger of Allah in dealing with the people of the earth, he used to fight those who fought against him until they either entered into the deen, make an agreement or treaty with him or came under his authority via paying the jizya. This is what he used to instruct his armies if they fought against heir enemies, as has preceded from the Hadeeth of Buraydah†. (â€Å"Ahkaam Al Udh-Dhimmah†, Vol 1, Page 17). The quote show us that the Prophet Muhammad never allowed the killing of innocent even during the war, than how could the people who kill innocent people will live with his company. He also said that the killing of one innocent person is the killing of whole mankind. The US launched 44 drones attacks in 2009, more than previous year the pinnacles of America’s dr one achievement was in August, when they killed Tehreek e Taliban (TTP) leader Baitullah Mehsud. Despite the fact that they killed Baitullah Mehsud, but they also killed 700 innocent civilians in the attacks. With such a bulky civilian toll and so little to show for it, it is no wonder that Pakistani people have been up in arms over the strikes. On June 22, 2009 the US struck at a house officials called a â€Å"suspected militant hideout,† burying a few locals inside. When others people went to the place to rescue them, they launched another missile, killing 13 innocent Pakistanis. When they held a funeral procession on June 23, the US hit that too, apparently on the belief that Baitullah Mehsud might be among the bereaved person.He wasn’t but the attack killed at least 80 more innocent people. (Ditz, January 02, 2010) Madrassas is a college or school where students are taught about Islam. Madrassa are labeled as the main cause of extremism but they are not stoking extremism or militancy. Fewer than 10% people attend Madrassa in Pakistan. The main cause of the extremism is poor public education. The study report found out that the literacy rate in Pakistan is raised to 56% and it is among the lowest outside of sub-Saharan Africa, and we need to increase the supply of schools in Pakistan.The research found out that the high literacy rate is the main cause of violence and that demand for education inside Pakistan â€Å"went beyond the limits of the government’s ability to provide it. In addition, Pakistan’s public school system is â€Å"highly corrupt† with teaching positions handed out in return for political favours and teachers are paid low wages. The way Pakistan’s education is set up it is contributing to encourage militancy. The exclusive focus on Madrassas as a security challenge – which is especially found frequently in the west – needs to be corrected. (BBC, 24 June 2010) To conclude, the war on terror has to be stopped.Pakistan has faced lots of bad things in supporting of the U. S War on Terror and to make this world a safer place, but we have never been appreciated for all the sacrifices that we have make for this world. We have never been appreciated for 3,117 martyred soldiers and 8000 innocent citizens . We have always been told to â€Å"do moreâ€Å". â€Å"Do more† is a word that foreign governments use to say that the Pakistan efforts on the War on Terror are not enough. â€Å"Do more† is become a curse for 3,117 martyred Pakistani soldiers and for 8000 innocent citizens of Pakistan.References: Ditz, (January, 2010). US Killed 700 Civilians in Pakistan Drone Strikes in 2009. Retrieved from http://news. antiwar. com/2010/01/02/us-killed-700-civilians-in-pakistan-drone-strikes-in-2009/ Damon, (2010). How to cite Terrorism in Pakistan, Papers Terrorism in Pakistan Free Essays Terrorism in Pakistan: Almost a decade has gone by since our involvement in the US-led war on terror and today we are more vulnerable to acts of terrorism and violence than we ever were. In recent years the trend of growing terrorism has shifted from previously hard hit areas such as KPK and FATA to urban centers where it was previously least expected. Now major cities and sensitive locations are under greatest threat. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Pakistan has suffered greatly at the hand of these terrorists. These unfaithful elements have shown no mercy to the people of Pakistan and don’t intend to. It is the root cause of every mishappening. Pakistan is the only country that has sacrificed more than any other country in the war against terror. These factors include social injustice, economic gap, political instability, religious intolerance and global conspiracies. Terrorist acts like suicide bombings have become a custom of the day. Terrorists have not spared a place. Markets, mosques, educational institutions, offices, all have been targeted. Root Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan: There can be two major root causes of terrorism in Pakistan; †¢Due to the ongoing war against terror, some people say that this terrorism menace in Pakistan is the just reaction of people living in tribal areas who have been the most affected ones. Now the question is, why do they show such reaction? It is because of the deadly US. The United States of America works like a boss here. Ongoing drone attacks have made it worse to counter produce the terrorism. The concerned authorities have shown complete negligence in this regard and they seem to be in cahoots with the Allied Forces. †¢Poverty is one of the root causes of terrorism as it is said that â€Å"a hungry man is an angry man†. A large number of people in Pakistan are living under poverty stroke. Unemployment has made the matters awful. In these unpleasant conditions, some people go to intense levels and join terrorist groups. †¢Social Injustice is a leading factor that raises terrorism. When the rights of the people are not given, they route to violent measures. And this is happening in Pakistan. Youngsters are joining political parties so that they would save them from critical situations. †¢We as Muslims are also not contributing to our best to curb this violence. Religious intolerance is another factor which is adding fuel to the fire in terrorism. How to cite Terrorism in Pakistan, Essay examples

Local Restaurant in Dubai

Business overview, entrepreneur’s background and characteristics Local House business was started by James Brown and his friends in Dubai in 2004. James Brown had good catering skills since he had specialized in preparing foreign foods. He started as a sole proprietor, and his main reason that allowed him to venture into this business was his good cooking skills that he wanted to exploit. His friends and relatives always enjoyed a foreign meal prepared by him and had previously encouraged him to try running a restaurant that would have specialized in foreign foods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local Restaurant in Dubai specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More James used his good social relations to build a positive image of the restaurant in order to attract customers. His friends and relatives also helped him place adverts in the media which increased the popularity of the restaurant. He began by cooking and s elling Mendi, a common foreign food, enjoyed by both the Dubai residents and the tourists. James later introduced more foreign foods as his customers wanted to try something new, every time they visited the restaurant. He started with a capital of 80,000 Dirhams raised from his savings and donations from friends. James used the capital to pay rent and buy the necessary kitchen utensils. He decided to hire one person who was to help him serve the food while he was cooking. The remaining amount was used to obtain the supplies for cooking Mendi. His friends later joined him and contributed more capital to the business development, which enabled them to expand the restaurant. They also opened more branches in other towns that most tourists visited. James had developed good relations with his suppliers which allowed him to get supplies on credit with long grace periods. He also treated his employees with professionalism and further encouraged his partners to treat the new workers who wer e stationed at their branches with professional ethics. This contributed to good relationships between the stakeholders and the workers as they were ready to work for more hours and give good services to the clients. This is one of the reasons the business had a wide market share and thus attracted customer loyalty. The business also received funding from financial institutions due to its good reputation and great performance. The loans advanced to the business were of low interest rates and allowable long payback periods. This boosted the business further as the funds were used to incorporate more foreign foods in their menu and increase the workers’ wages.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Entrepreneurial process James had gone through the four stages outlined and explained below before his friends joined him. Identify and evaluate the opportunity James Brown is innov ative and goal-oriented since he realizes most of the opportunities that come on his way and is able to focus on them. His major aim in life is to exploit his catering skills and make a fortune out of it. Whenever his friends and relatives visited him, he cooked foreign foods for them. As results of this, they encouraged him to start this business and offered to assist him to accomplish his goals. After realizing that most of the local residents and tourists enjoyed Mendi, he decided to cook and sell it to them. This was a great opportunity that most people could not see. A good example is provided by James’ friends who joined him later when they saw the opportunity which they had not realized before. He also understood that most of his customers wanted to try something new whenever they came to his restaurant. He did not ignore this as he saw a new opportunity in that which he made great use of it by incorporating more foreign foods in his menu, and this satisfied his custom ers more. Develop a business plan James used the skills he got from his college training to develop his business plan. In his business plan, he considered opening a local house business as his major aim. He chose an appropriate name for his business and recorded the amount of capital that was available and provided a plan on how the money was to be spent. He also mentioned that his major customers were the tourists and the local residents who enjoyed foreign foods. The challenges expected were also mentioned in the business plan. James did not forget to consider how he could handle such challenges. The major suppliers to his business were also outlined in his business plan. In general, he had a detailed business plan and his success can be attributed to it and his ability and willingness to implement it. Determine the resources required In his business plan, James identified all the requirements for the business and provided the means to achieve them. As he clearly outlined that was to be done, he was able to obtain most of his requirements for the business. James knew that most residents and tourists enjoyed foreign foods, but only few of them spent their time on preparing these foods as they preferred to get ready meals. This fully satisfied the market requirement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local Restaurant in Dubai specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also established good relationships with his suppliers. Thus, the necessary supplies for his business were available without much struggle. He realized the need for human resources in his business, which is the reason he treated his workers with professionalism. He also considered the strategic location of the business as a backbone to the success of his business. That is why he chose Dubai as a place to start his business. Manage the resulting enterprise His success in business can be attributed to the good management skills which Ja mes and his friends had. Customers always came back for more because they received the best services at his restaurant. He was also a good human resource manager; his workers never complained and were even ready to work beyond the normal working hours. This can be attributed to his good human resource management skills. They never lacked supplies at the restaurant, and the creditors never complained. This depicts the good financial management skills possessed by James and his friends. Effectuation James clearly saw his goals; he knew what he wanted in life and the best way to get it. He had been trained as a cook in a prominent college. He had good catering skills with which he impressed his visitors. Due to his talent and skills, he was encouraged to risk and venture into this business. Entrepreneurially managed firms verses traditionally managed firms Most entrepreneurially managed businesses have a strategic orientation in many aspects. One of the aspects we can consider is the strategic positioning of the business for the customers, suppliers and access to means of transport. In traditionally managed businesses, this is not the case as most of these factors are not taken into consideration there. Entrepreneurially managed businesses tend to stick to one activity and make the best returns out of it. On the other hand, traditional business managers can try everything just to get quick money, and it is the reason they end up suffering a failure in most of their endeavours. Entrepreneurs have better resource managing skills than traditional business men have, thus entrepreneurs make good use of the limited resources.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In entrepreneurial businesses, management tasks are divided among different people according to their specialties, while in traditionally managed businesses, all the management tasks are usually handled by one person; in most cases, this is the owner. Due to most of these advantages, the entrepreneurially managed businesses have an upper hand as far as growth is concerned as compared to traditionally managed business. Analysis of the selected entrepreneur according to the selected factors Prime motive James Brown’s main aim was exploiting his catering skills by occupying the available market niche in Dubai. He wanted to be unique as far as restaurant business was concerned. He did not focus too much on money as he wanted to make his customers come back for more, and in the process, he managed to earn good profits. Risk James is a risk taker as he at first decided to begin the business alone as a sole proprietor. He is a real entrepreneur as one of the major characteristics on e must possess as an entrepreneur is the ability to run risks. If the business failed, he could have lost a lot, but at the same time, there is a reward for taking risks, which is the profit one obtains. Within a short period, James was able to gain huge profits just because he took up the risk alone. Problems and challenges faced James was afraid that he could run out of budget just after he had started the business, which was almost what happened. He was saved by soft loans from friends and relatives. Banking institutions also offered him loans at a low interest rate, which he was able to pay back. Sourcing qualified employees was also a major challenge to James. However, he made good use of interviews which was the way he chose the best employees. Activity The restaurant business he ventured into has many customers all the time because both the tourists and the local residents enjoy the foreign foods and there are always hungry people. Thus this business’ niche is very act ive at all times. Time orientation James always had customers, and he thus tried to offer timely services all the time. He made use of his employees who were ready to work beyond the normal working hours. James created working shifts for his employees. This ensured the restaurant was open 24/7, and customers never missed what they wanted at any time of the day. Lessons that James learnt from the business James learnt that good service should come before profit gained, and he realized that aiming at huge profits, while giving customers poor services, could lead to failure of any business. James obtained great human resource managerial skills due to his business activities. He realized that in order to make his employees do their best, he should have provided them with the best working conditions. He gave them good pay and treated them with professionalism. Going global After his friends joined his business, James has considered opening branches in foreign countries where people could enjoy such meals. One of the countries considered is Germany, and the preparations are well underway for opening a new branch there. In the process, they have found out that international suppliers provided the best quality of the materials needed for a lower cost; that is why they are considering starting obtaining all they need from foreign suppliers. Advertising their business on the internet also attracted most foreigners to the business.Tourists talk to their families and friends on their experiences they gained while touring Dubai. They never forget to mention the sweet food they enjoyed in Dubai, and in the process, they indirectly market the restaurant. Analysis of the products and services The business majorly practiced catering and hospitality. They specialized in cooking and serving foreign foods as they were enjoyed by most of their customers. They offered the best services, and this kept the customers coming back for more. The services were relatively affordable, and p eople had no complains because they received the best services. Customers requested for a wider variety of foreign foods in menu, and James took advantage of this. He incorporated more foreign foods in his menu, and this was a sure way of expanding his business and increasing his profits. Mendi was the first foreign food prepared by James Brown due to the fact that most of the residents and tourists enjoyed it. It was also a good way of gaining customers before trying to cook other foreign foods. Analysis of commitment James Brown and his friends were determined to make the best out of their business. They spent most of their time planning and achieving their goals that accelerated the growth of their business. They were committed to providing the customers with the best services to ensure that they never left them for their competitors. This is evident from the process of choosing employees working for the company. The interviews conducted show that the company gets workers who are qualified, determined and committed to their work. The fact that the workers were ready to work beyond normal working hours without complains represents how committed they were. The suppliers were also committed to the company stated by James Brown as they provided the requested items in time and at good prices. Market research and target identification James Brown analysed his surroundings well before venturing into the business. He made sure he addressed a demand of his customers. Most tourists and local residents seemed to enjoy foreign foods and as per his research, the available hotels prepared only local foods, and those that prepared foreign foods had some challenges. They were not strategically positioned for the business and offered poor services most of the time. They prepared food poorly, and the customers never enjoyed them, James Brown took advantage of this and developed his local house business activity. He majorly targeted at tourists and local residents who preferr ed foreign foods. His aim was to provide the best service to this group of people as no restaurant fully addressed this demand. This made the business rise fast as far as profits and the customers were concerned. Developing distribution strategies The business tried to avail their products in most tourist destinations within Dubai by opening more branches within the region. The foods were prepared in the branches and served at the same places. Transporting food was initially considered but due to the extra expenses it brought about, it was never tried. Instead, they opted to prepare and serve food at the branches. James and his friends even tried to negotiate for terms to start branches at the airports, but this appeared to be impossible. They were, however, given a chance to prepare food elsewhere and then sell at the airports. This was challenging at first as most customers wanted hot food, which made James Brown and his partners use modern ways of keeping their foods hot for long hours. Finding your customer James had good friends who enjoyed eating a foreign food at his place whenever they visited him. They were his first customers and they helped him in marketing the business as they always came to the restaurant with more friends. The business also tried to reach their customers via advertisements placed in media and at the internet sites. The proper advertising contributed to the incensement of the customers’ day by day. Sales people were also employed. They went around Dubai talking to people about the foods available at the restaurant and its branches, the good services offered and the affordable prices charged. The idea of selling food at the airport was also a good way of finding the customers. Tourists always wanted to know where they could get such meals once outside the airport, and they were given directions by the workers at the airport. Finding financial aid The starting capital was raised by James from his own savings. Friends and fami ly members also gave him donations that allowed him to run the business. The partners who joined him later also brought in more capital that was used to expand the business. At first, it was an uphill task to obtain loans from banks; however, after they saw the performance of the business, they offered loans at low interest rates as they were not even suspecting any chances of defaulting. James Brown also got soft loans from some of his customers who always wanted the best for the business. Collection of money Most of the time, customers paid for the services in cash. However, some left checks that matured after short periods. Some paid using credit cards, but this was not a problem as James provided his restaurants with all the equipments needed and he even trained his workers on how to handle such cases. It was the financial policy of the business to deposit money collected after every two days. This prevented embezzlement at the branches. Plans of operation Sale order A customer comes to the business premises, and they are offered a place to sit. They are then served with an appetizer of their choice. They are given the menu and choose the food they want. They are then served with the food within few minutes. Customers eat their fill, and they also may order some drinks of their choice. Quality control. The foods are well prepared with qualified catering staff. High hygiene standards are maintained during the food preparation and service. The customers are served with exactly what they order and in a timely manner. Problems that need to be addressed Competition is a major problem to the success of the business. Most business people in Dubai after seeing how well James’ business had been doing decided to open such businesses. The best way that James Brown used to deal with this problem was to focus on his business giving the customers the best services. Management is also an issue since after opening more branches, James Brown had to deal with an incr eased workforce. This was solved by employing qualified managers at the branches to manage the operations. Sourcing funds had been also a challenge at first, but after sometime many financial institutions were willing to lend money to the business at affordable interest rates. This essay on Local Restaurant in Dubai was written and submitted by user Lukas Byrd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume Have you had to bounce around a bit? Worried your recent job history will appear a bit erratic to potential employers? Though job hopping is becoming less and less stigmatized, and more and more employers and recruiters will be sensitive to the particular challenges of the marketplace and the current economy, there are still some situations wherein it’s best to downplay all your job activity. Here are 6  ways to minimize the damage of having employment gaps on your resume1. SummarizeIf you don’t already have a summary paragraph at the top of your resume, now’s the time to add one. Use it to define yourself, and then to guide the recruiter through the bullet points and information she’s about to take in. Use it to show how best to interpret your multiple recent job changes, and what narrative to take away from that. If you give a recruiter a greater narrative, that should stick with them. And, if you’re worried that recruiters might think youâ€⠄¢d be a flight risk? Emphasize in your summary that you are looking for a long-term position, or to be somewhere for the long haul. Get out in front of the story, as they say in the media.2. FocusOn three or four of your recent jobs and flesh them out in more detail than you normally would. Then make a more summarized section on previous employment, including multiple jobs within those dates, to minimize the feeling of having hopped around from job to job during that time.3. Find coherenceIf you can find a through-line to connect all of your hopping, then you’re golden. Perhaps these were all positions within the same field, or in hopes of rocketing up the ladder, or learning new skills. Or if you’ve hopped from industry to industry, emphasize instead the work you do, and how you’ve been trying to hone in on the perfect niche for it. Make your job hopping an asset by making it tell a story.4. Be honestIf you were laid off as the result of a merger or acquisitio n, or you were a contract worker, then some of your hopping was not at all your fault. It is totally okay to explain this on your resume. A quick parenthetical (formerly X Company) next to the company name will be a good start. Your summary paragraph will also help here.5. Fudge the monthsIf you can get away with taking out the months in your dates, and just leaving the years, then you can give the illusion of having worked at a place longer than you did. Using years only helps you to smooth over short-term gigs. You can also put the dates to the right of the job headings, rather than the left, to deemphasize them.6. Try a hybridIf all else fails, the hybrid resume might be for you. This is a new way of thinking about the resume, emphasizing your skills first, and your bulleted, chronological history second. Choose four to five responsibilities or skills or job facets that you’ve excelled in, across all of your jobs, and sell yourself as a primo candidate. By the time the hir ing manager gets to the second page with your list of actual job experience, she’ll already be convinced you can do the job.

Classic education and universities. A road to survival

Classic education and universities. A road to survival Is traditional university losing its grip? The idea of a research university became obvious when Prussian college professor, Wilhelm von Humboldt, proposed a new system, which had to deal with student’s personal experience rather than boring lectures. In the meantime, empirical learning grew to be popular among his younger colleagues, causing Humboldt to expand his strategy and place all his hopes and dreams on the role of research in an institution. Instead of usual academic writing, students were given the task to develop their own approach to educational methods and choose what’s best for them, based on the system of simple observation. Individual projects were presented weekly, and Humboldt could witness an increasing progress in the student’s thinking. Apart from that, he revolutionized the understanding of a university as a public institution. Before that, teachers were mainly focused on the works of ancient authors and considered tradition to be the best learning method and source. Copying the canon was a usual practice, and students summarized what was previously said with the help of their professors. Nothing was left to the learners and their experimental values. Later, in the 1950s, universities in the UK and North America were largely influenced by the teaching models, borrowed from Humboldt. Research centers opened across the country, and students flooded colleges to establish their own projects and become educated academically. With the enhancement of the typical teaching-only model of learning, though, these tendencies vanished into thin air, and lecture theatres became popular once again. There are institutions where face-to-face delivery still remains the norm, while other forms of interaction between a teacher and a student are considered to be ineffective, but generally, online communication wins the hearts of students as the time goes. Campus-less establishments So, what do all these tendencies mean at the end of the day? Will classic universities close and give way to a more modernized system of education, involving online delivery and campus-less teaching? We cannot say for sure, but there have been numerous expressions of gratitude from students, who had an experience in online learning. They were allowed to equal educational facilities and high class diplomas, whereas in other cases the tuition fees would be too unaffordable to handle. Some teachers claim, however, that you should pay your price for using online resources and neglecting the traditional, overcrowded lecture room. With the development of digital learning, we start to forget the empirical experience seminars provides on a daily basis, and regular news updates keep us away from vital information, necessary for successful learning. In the meantime, blog writers and students, who are too focused on using apps for their classes instead of actual listening, are in great danger. They may lose their connection with reality and an ability to evaluate material, based on the source and structure. This is a tendency that is not uncommon among younger learners with their dedication to tweeting and scrolling through the news on Facebook. One may wonder whether the same students will comprehend given information and analyze it according to the teacher’s learning scheme. Unfortunately, most of them have a short attention span, which does not help in case one needs to use a clear and focused approach. Tweeting a sentence differs greatly from making notes on your own, and teacher-student communication cannot be replaced by online resources, no matter how good or mind-blowing the strategy is. The truth about colleges and universities remains the same these days: you have to combine online communication with the real one, and develop a strong sense of academic-led dialogue, where digital sources act as background information. The main values of the traditional institutions have not changed, and we cherish research and analytical thinking as core principles of learning in college.

Social Science & Social Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Science & Social Changes - Essay Example Slowly and gradually, these cities came closer forming different nations of the world. In this way, along with the growing population, the societies grew into civilizations and prospered over hundreds of years. The social orders that initially comprised a bunch of people, with the passage of time became large communities and large nations. Now, the whole world is coming closer day by day and is becoming one big global village. The current global trend supports globalization that emphasizes on living like a one big global community. With all these changes in societies, along the course of time, there came many opportunities, new possibilities and broader horizons, but with that equally came many risks, threats, uncertainties and crises. Cultures changed and so did people. With the new developments there came better education, better health, better life style, better communication and transportation, better techniques, procedures and processes, in fact, a whole new way of life; and with passing time, this process of evolution of the societies is becoming faster and faster that the way the social changes have bombarded us in last five decades, it had never done before. If we look at the life of the human being not very different from us who lives fifty years ago, we find such huge differences that it becomes very difficult to compare. Science and technology has prospered so much that the diseases that were thought of as completely incurable can now be treated using advanced techniques and processes. Treatment of life threatening diseases like cancer or life endangering situations like failure of a vital organ of the body is now possible and thus more and more precious lives can be saved. The new researches promise better education and better learning in a vast variety of areas. Researches are being conducted in practically every field of life. Science and technology has made life so easy that many tasks can easily be accomplished by just a flick of your finger over a button so the work that used to take weeks can now be done in days. So many things that man could only dream of as something miraculous are now a part of our every day lives. Life has become automatic; automatic cars, automatic machines, automatic gizmos and gadgets, even automatic homes. All one has to

Heaney Digging or Frost The Road Not Taken Essay

Heaney Digging or Frost The Road Not Taken - Essay Example Life is a journey where every turn is a major turning point. One decision can make or break a life-long expedition. Life is influenced so much by time and like what Frost stated in the first stanza of his poem, it is such a disappointment that one cannot travel a certain path and knows exactly what would happen through its journey there. There are other factors that should be taken into consideration like the time and opportunity that is presented at a given situation. One can consider the possible pros and cons that might occur during the circumstances. Things may present to be more appealing at the first sight but may have complex hurdles along the way which the person would not know how to overcome it unless it is already right under his nose (10). Frost put into metaphor a person’s life and a traveler’s journey to an unknown place. It would be a pity not to explore ideas at the same time to know the beauty and the consequences that life or the journey may bring. There are roads or opportunities which may present itself as a totally disastrous event yet at the onset yet as one goes through this path, the more fulfilling it is becoming for the person. This is usually the road not taken especially in recent years as more and more people would choose the easier path that may bring instant gratification rather than the one which may need time before gathering any form of fulfillment. Others may decide towards the road because of status-quo, it is just like ordering the usual at a fast-food chain at the corner of the street. There is no adventure in it and simply represents a routine (10). On the third stanza of the poem, Frost gave an example as to what may one thinks if there are two ideas presented having an identical onset presentation. However, these ideas may have and will have different path struggles which may incur various outcomes. One cannot go back to the starting point and take the

Issues in the Textile Industry

Issues in the Textile Industry The Textile Industry An overview of the textile industry The textile industry is regarded a major and largest industry around the world in terms of its output, production and employment. It brings a large contribution to various national economies including both global small and large-scale operations (Parvathi, et al., 2009). The textile manufacturing is based on the conversion of three types of fibre, the most one being yarn then fabric and finally textile. The fibres are then manufactured into clothes and others. However, the textile manufacturing originated from hand craft practices by spinners, weavers and some skilled craftsmen. The first textile companies surfaced in the United Kingdom and the Western European countries. This came with the new technological developments that were being introduced (Warshaw Leon, 2011). According to Warshaw and Leon (2011), the term textile industry was initially concerned only with the weaving of fibres, but today it involves a variety of processes. Therefore, as illustrated by Greenberg (2003), the production of textiles involve processes like; spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing and finishing of different natural and synthetic fibres. Today, wet processing is used in the finishing treatment of textiles. It is further categorised into 3 more processes, which is the; preparation process, coloration process and finishing process. Hazards present in the textile industry There are various hazards to which the textile workers are exposed. These hazards are categorised as; (i) exposure to chemical substances, (ii) exposure to physical agents, (iii) exposure to biological agents, (iv) exposure to dusts and fibres, and also (v) psychosocial hazards (European Agency for Safety and Health at work, 2008). Exposure to chemicals The spinning, weaving and knitting process do not involve high use of chemicals. The most substantial chemicals used in these operations are sizing agents like starch and other polymers such as lubricants to prevent yarns from being entangled. There is a wide variety of chemical substances used processes such as dyeing, printing, finishing, bleaching, washing, dry cleaning, sizing and spinning. The most commonly found chemicals are dyes, solvents, optical brighteners, crease resistance agents, flame retardants, heavy metals and anti-microbic agents. Textile fibres, reactive dyes, synthetic fibres and formaldehyde are the respiratory and skin sensitisers that can be identified in textile industries (European Agency for Safety and Health at work, 2008). The dyes that are used for cotton are usually classified into three groups; firstly is the water soluble dyes, secondly are dyes soluble by alkaline reduction and lastly are the dyes formed on fibre. In addition, workers may be also exp osed to aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral spirits and kerosene, which are used for cleaning of equipments and parts of the plants (Greenberg, 2003) Exposure to physical agents From the European Agency for Safety and Health at work (2008), it has been concluded that textile workers are exposed to various physical agents such as noise and vibrations during the weaving, spinning, sewing, twisting and cutting process. As such, being exposed to very high noise level can result in permanent hearing damage while exposure to vibration along with other risk factors for Musculoskeletal Diseases can cause long term harm. It has been noticed that workers are also exposed to electromagnetic fields. Exposure to biological agents Biological agents are also present in the textile industry, in processes like carding and willowing. The workers are exposed to anthrax, clostridium tetani and coxiella burnetti. These can cause allergies and respiratory disorders. Normally, work areas having air conditioning systems and high humidity, the workers tend to have allergies and respiratory problems caused by moulds or yeasts. Exposure to dusts and fibres People working in the textile industry are usually exposed to airborne particles formed from both the natural and synthetic fibres in their work environment (Oldenburg et al., 2007). Studies have shown that workers in the textile industry are more prone to respiratory symptoms caused by cotton dust (Wang et al., 2003). In UK, the Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL) for inhalable cotton dust has been fixed at 2.5 mg/m3 for an 8 hour time weighted average (HSE, 2005). Psychosocial hazards in the textile industry Employees experience work-related stress when they are unable to cope with the work demands. The WHO (2003) define work-related stress as â€Å"the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope†. As such, psychosocial risks have been considered as being an integral factor of the process of stress. On the one hand, these can be in relation to the job content, the organisation and management of work, environmental and planning conditions while on the other hand it can be in terms of the competence and needs of employees. The interaction between all these factors can be dangerous to the health of employees through their perceptions and experience (Cox et al., 2002). According to the WHO (2010), psychosocial risks and work-related stress are closely associated. However, textile workers are faced to psychosocial risks since they have to perform repetitive and fa st paced tasks and they cannot take any decision by themselves. The textile industry and green technology The textile industry has experienced a lot of changes and there has been the introduction of many new technologies. Today, it has been seen that there is a shift to more eco-friendly processes and chemicals used in the textile industry. These include the use of novel biopolymers along with some enzymes. The use of greener dyes forms part of the essential constituents of green technology. The other constituents of green technology in the textile industry encompass systems which include waste water reduction by recycling, automatic process control and other filtration techniques (Sekar, 1999). In the dyeing process, the usage of water accounts to approximately 30-60 litres of water for 1 kilogram of cloth, thus new technologies to minimise the use of water is being adopted (Deo Wassif , 1999). The new technologies that have been introduced in the textile dyeing and finishing process are as follows: Plasma Treatment Technology Plasma is the state of a gas when its kinetic energy increases to such an extent that the energy is equal to the ionisation energy of the gas. At this stage, the rapid cascading of ionisation caused by the collisions of the gas particles result in plasma. Plasma is the 4th state of matter. In addition, the plasma technology is applicable to the textile industries. It alters the chemical structure and surface properties of fabrics, chemical matters are deposited for better functionality and substances are removed from the fabrics to improve the applicability. The plasma technology is used mainly in the processes like pre-treatment, dyeing and finishing (Shah Shah, 2013). It is a green and simple process. Super Critical Dyeing Fluid A substance which is under a pressure above its critical temperature is known as a super critical fluid. There is no distinction between gases and liquids under these specific conditions and the substance is then characterised as a fluid. As such, super critical fluids possesses the same solvent power as light hydrocarbons used for most solutes. Super critical fluids is advantageous to the textile processing because of their ability to combine the properties of gases and liquids. Also, their solvating power is equivalent to their density while when referring to their viscosity, the normal gas possesses a similar one. However, it is this particular combination which gives it such impressive penetration properties. The dyeing process favour this increase in density along with the increased power of solvation because of the positive effect that it has on the dissolution of disperse dye in the super critical carbon dioxide medium (Kannan Nithyanandan, n.d.). Ultrasound The use of ultrasound in the textile industry started only after synthetic materials and their blends were introduced. It is applied mainly in mechanical processes (weaving, knitting and finishing) and wet processes (sizing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing). Ultrasound has a lot of benefits such as; the processing time and energy consumption is decreased, it enhances the quality of products and the use of auxiliary chemicals are reduced. For instance, using ultrasound in the dyeing process will replace expensive thermal energy and chemicals by electricity. Various experiments were carried out to show the effectiveness of ultrasound on textile and it has been shown that the adsorption power of disperse dyes on cellulose acetate is influenced greatly by ultrasound compared to the dyeing rate when using direct dyes ( (Prince, 2009). Electrochemical Process Technology Traditionally, electrochemical techniques were used only for compounds synthesis and treatment for metal recovery but today its use has been expanded to the textile industry. In order to obtain functionalised fabrics, electrochemistry is applied for the production of smart textiles. However this technique is used mainly in the bleaching of cotton fibres and finished denim fabrics. Electrochemical process is also applied in sulfur and vat dyeing processes to reduce the amount of dyes used making the process eco-friendly since it will not involve the addition of chemical reagents like sodium dithionite (Mireia Carmen, 2012). Electrochemical dyeing process has advantages like; product saving, less chemicals used, incomparable environmental compatibility and better quicker properties is achieved. Good reproducibility also is set by using electrochemical dyeing. (Das, et al., 2012) Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is concerned with materials which are 1 to 100 nm long. The use of nanotechnology in the textile industry increase the durability of fabrics. This is because nano-particles possesses large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy which means that they have better affinity for fabrics, thus increasing the durability of the function. The sporting industry, skincare, space technology and clothing are some examples where the nanotech enhanced textiles are being applied. It ensures that the wearer is better protected when exposed to extreme environments. Therefore, to treat textiles with nanotechnology materials is a way to enhance the properties of the fabric by making it more durable and have nicer colours (Kiron, 2013). Impacts of textile industry on environment The textile industry is a diversified industry being from the raw materials used to the various techniques adopted. At each steps involved in manufacturing fabrics, there are a number of environmental impacts associated with them which are also varied. For instance, the spinning, weaving and industrial manufacture of garments affects the air quality while the dyeing and printing processes use up large amount of water and chemicals. Also, there is the emission of several volatile agents into the atmosphere which have harmful effects on the human health (Challa, n.d.). In addition, each stages of the textile processing generates innumerable wastes streams which are of liquid, gaseous, solid or hazardous nature. The type of textile processes, technologies used, chemicals used and types of fibres will determine the nature of wastes generated. However, the most prevailing environmental impact is the water body pollution which arises due to the disposal of untreated effluents. The second greatest environmental problems caused by the industry are air pollution caused by Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) and other air pollutants. The VOC does not only affects the environment but also the workers and public health. The noise level emitted by textile machineries can also harm the environment by disturbing the natural habitats of various species in the area (C Parvathi, T Maruthavanan, C Prakash, 2009). The role of textile industry in the Mauritian economy The textile industry was set up and appeared in the government agenda of Mauritius in the 1960s. The industry then experienced a drastic expansion during the year 1980 to 2000. Mauritius was faced with a series of positive conditions for the past 30 years. These conditions helped the country in achieving a solid textile industry along with foreign and local investment. The industry was regarded as the main employer of Mauritius and contributed to 12 % of the GDP. However, the textile industry has not only brought a lot of improvements and developments to the economy of the country, but it can be said that its success also coincides with the social changes that came along. The first change is that it has encouraged the emancipation of women. Many women were employed when the textile industry developed. In fact the number of women being employed today also is increasing. The women, who were once viewed as housewives and who did not have the opportunity to study, were regarded as an important pool of labour. Working women started to bring income in the family and this eventually changed their role; they were no longer considered as docile housewife but an independent income earner. The second change is that the status of families has increased from the past years since a working woman helped in increasing the family income (Joomun, 2006). Today, the textile industry of Mauritius has achieved a very high status among other countries and there is currently about 174 textile entreprises employing approximately 55000 people. The industry has invested continuously on innovation and greener production to satisfy the demand of the global market which is emphasising more on eco-friendly practices and products.1http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/nsp/industry/greenertex.htm In 2009, Mauritius was ranked as the second largest buyer of machineries, accounting to 2300 machines and 9 % of the global sales. Mauritian manufacturers have also invested in latest cleaner technologies and reorganised their activities so as to combat against the low-cost competition of Asian countries. As such the Mauritian and Indian Governments have collaborated together and signed a contract for the transfer of new technologies along with deciding on ways of improving the performance of the textile sector in Mauritius2http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/text ile-news/mauritius/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=119742

Discuss the use of the historical notes in the Handmaid’s Tale

The historical notes are part of the novel but not part of Offred's narrative. They are there to provide an explanation of what happened to Offred and put her story into historical perspective. The historical notes are set 200 years after the Gilead regime. They are a parody of an academic discussion about Offred's tale. The main speaker whilst being a woman is also a Native American. This can be seen in her name Professor Marian Crescent Moon. As the conference graduates it becomes evident that most of the scholars are Native American e. g. Professor Pieixoto. This is unusual as traditionally whites on Natives usually study anthropology. However Atwood chooses to turn this around to make the reader puzzled and makes a racial statement. The conference is held at the university of Denay in Nunavit. Denay is in northwest Canada which suggests that they control the Northwest of Canada as they appear to have a high social status. This reflects the time in which Atwood was writing as in the 1980 there was a fiery debate concerning this issue, in this and in her version the minority won and dominated. Atwood firstly uses the historical notes to make fun of academic conferences. This is obvious as the scholarly jargon is self-conscious and the humour extremely unfunny and complex. Therefore whilst amusing to the academics it is an instant off-putting for the reader which in turn outs him/her of the academics. Essentially all the reader wants to know is what happened to Offred and not if they are going on a fishing trip or not. These nature walks and fishing expeditions are mentioned briefly but purposefully at the beginning of the notes ‘The fishing expedition will go forward. The conditions in which these people live are clearly naturally better and healthier than in Gilead. Atwood makes a point this to show a contrast but also explain why they are so ignorant in understanding Offred's life, as they could never contemplate what it was like and hence could not sympathise with her suffering. The historical notes are a device used by Atwood to show the reader that everything she has written had actually happened before in one form or the other. The reference to Iran is probably most significant ‘Iran and Gilead: Two-late-twentieth-century Monotheocraties. They were so similar as in Iran the nations conservative Islamic revolution happened. It involved major de-modernizing and drastic restrictions of freedom of women. From this it is clear that Atwood got most of her inspiration from when creating the Handmaids. The Islamic ‘authorities' insisted that they were just protecting women and giving them a better quality of life. This is reflective of the commander in Offred's narrative when he says ‘We've given them more than we've taken away'. The professor says the ‘Romania had anticipated Gilead, in the 1980's banning all forms of birth control. This of course is what happened but it had divesting effects ion the spreading of aids and orphaned babies. Pieixoto also adds ‘ the collective rope ceremony' was an ‘English village custom in the 17th century' and is similar to Gilead's ‘Salvaging'. Moreover, the red colour of the handmaids was ‘borrowed from the uniforms of German prisoners of war I Canada' in the second word war. Finally Margaret Atwood uses the professor to state her point by making him say ‘that there was little that was truly original or truly indigenous to Gilead; its genius was synthesised. Consequently saying that there is nothing in the novel that hasn't already happened in the world we live in today. The professor at the same time as not picking up on Offred's personal account does realise the clever workings of the regime. For example the aunts had names derived from common commercial product'†¦ ‘ to familiarise and reassure' the handmaids. As mentioned Pieixoto is not interested in Offred's personal story but rather how it can tell him more about the Giliadian regime turning Offred's story into his own history. He is completely oblivious to Offred's feminist themes. He says that ‘our job is to censure and understand'. Clearly he doesn't and completely sidesteps the critical moral issues raised by her account. He seems more interested in establishing the identity of her commander than herself ‘the elusive commander', ‘the gentlemen in question'. Additionally he spends about two pages talking about him. The authenticity of the tapes seems to override the importance of their content. The covers of the tape are also significant as they reflect Offred's subject matter. ‘ Elvis Presley The Golden Years', he was one of the first male singers in the 60's to be associated with dirty sexual attraction i. e. the thrusting of the hips. Also there were tapes entitled ‘Boy George Takes Off', he was an homosexual musical icon and ‘Twisted Sister' they represented ‘loose' independent women. Most of all of these names and the suggestions behind the names Gilead would have severally disapproved of. This is just another way of Offred's small but yet significant rebellion against the regime. Professor Piexioto is an intriguing invention. Amongst the unusual social order in the historical notes and women appearing to be respected once again, Atwood throws in this completely contradictory character. He seems to by a complete sexist chauvinist pig. This is similar to the commander with whom he even shares a line' my little chat' and ‘little excitement'. This suggests that both the professor and the commander think of themselves very highly. It is obvious that Professor Piexioto does not think its a little chat but rather an important speech/lecture. Atwood intentionally merges these two characters together to show that male attitudes and opinions, even though 200 years have passed, have not altered. The professor proves this in his speech when he talks about ‘tails' and ‘frailrioads' rather than female roads as called by Offred. He also whilst making a dig at the North American peoples intelligence also insults both women's and Offred's intellect by saying ‘she was an educated woman, insofar as a graduate of any North American college of the time may have said to be educated'. Consequently, the historians discredit her story; she already told us that the commander was ‘in marker research'. Nevertheless he goes along a separate line of investigation and coming to the same conclusion. Furthermore he seems annoyed with her for not providing him with more information about the Giliadian regime. This can be seen when he exclaims ‘many gaps remain, some of which could have been filled in by our anonymous narrator, had she been in a different turn of mind'. Then he adds ‘ It has a whiff of emotion' this absolutely should outrage the reader as her whole story is based upon intense emotion and suffering, which he has no regard for. Ironically, the professor does exactly what Offred anticipated ‘from the point of view of history. We'll be invisible. ‘ So although Offred does get her story out she is treated the same as she was in the regime. Atwood does this to create a different kind of distopian in the readers mind and as in the narrative unsettle and make the reader outraged through confusion. The historical notes are supposedly here to answer unanswered questions but all it is extremely long explanations of a research with no concrete answers, which frustrate as new and yet again, unanswered questions start to format. This is a device used by Margaret Atwood to further stimulate the reader into discussion not only abut what happened to Offred but also question the society we live in today.